In CNC turning, the workpiece rotates while the tool remains stationary, suitable for cylindrical parts such as shafts, pins, and sleeves. In CNC machining, the workpiece is stationary while the tool rotates, ideal for flat, prismatic and complex 3D geometric shapes.
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Swiss-type CNC uses guide bushings to support bar stock near the tool, enabling the machining of slender parts without deflection. Standard CNC turning employs chucks or collets to hold the workpiece, making it more suitable for shorter parts with larger diameters.
In 3-axis CNC machining, the tool moves along straight X, Y, and Z axes. In 4-axis machining, a rotary A-axis is added, allowing the workpiece to rotate. This enables the machining of complex features on multiple sides without re-fixturing.
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Conventional lathes with live tooling have limited milling capabilities—typically restricted to drilling and light milling. True 5-axis machining centers feature full milling capability, equipped with a C-axis, Y-axis, and multiple tool stations, enabling complex operations such as pocket milling, profile milling, and helical milling on turned components.
5-axis simultaneous motion means all five axes move during cutting, enabling complex 3D contour machining. 5-axis positioning (3+2) locks rotary axes at specific angles, then uses standard 3-axis movement. Continuous 5-axis suits complex profiles; positioning 5-axis is better for multi-face prismatic parts.
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